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Background  The nervous functions of an organism are primarily reflected in the behavior it is capable of. Measuring behavior quantitatively, at high-resolution and in an automated fashion provides valuable information about the underlying neural circuit computation. Accordingly, computer-vision applications for animal tracking are becoming a key complementary toolkit to genetic, molecular and electrophysiological characterization in systems neuroscience.    Methodology/Principal Findings  We present Sensory Orientation Software ( SOS ) to measure behavior and infer sensory experience correlates.  SOS  is a simple and versatile system to track body posture and motion of single animals in two-dimensional environments. In the presence of a sensory landscape, tracking the trajectory of the animal's sensors and its postural evolution provides a quantitative framework to study sensorimotor integration. To illustrate the utility of  SOS , we examine the orientation behavior of fruit fly larvae in response to odor, temperature and light gradients. We show that  SOS  is suitable to carry out high-resolution behavioral tracking for a wide range of organisms including flatworms, fishes and mice.    Conclusions/Significance  Our work contributes to the growing repertoire of behavioral analysis tools for collecting rich and fine-grained data to draw and test hypothesis about the functioning of the nervous system. By providing open-access to our code and documenting the software design, we aim to encourage the adaptation of  SOS  by a wide community of non-specialists to their particular model organism and questions of interest.

Automated Tracking of Animal Posture and Movement during Exploration and Sensory Orientation Behaviors