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Yeasts and their glycan components can have a beneficial or adverse effect on intestinal inflammation. Previous research has shown that the presence of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  var.  boulardii  (Sb) reduces intestinal inflammation and colonization by  Candida albicans . The aim of this study was to identify dietary yeasts, which have comparable effects to the anti- C. albicans  and anti-inflammatory properties of Sb and to assess the capabilities of yeast cell wall components to modulate intestinal inflammation. Mice received a single oral challenge of  C. albicans  and were then given 1.5% dextran-sulphate-sodium (DSS) for 2 weeks followed by a 3-day restitution period.  S. cerevisiae  strains (Sb, Sc1 to Sc4), as well as mannoprotein (MP) and β-glucan crude fractions prepared from Sc2 and highly purified β-glucans prepared from  C. albicans  were used in this curative model, starting 3 days after  C. albicans  challenge. Mice were assessed for the clinical, histological and inflammatory responses related to DSS administration. Strain Sc1-1 gave the same level of protection against  C. albicans  as Sb when assessed by mortality, clinical scores, colonization levels, reduction of TNFα and increase in IL-10 transcription. When Sc1-1 was compared with the other  S. cerevisiae  strains, the preparation process had a strong influence on biological activity. Interestingly, some  S. cerevisiae  strains dramatically increased mortality and clinical scores. Strain Sc4 and MP fraction favoured  C. albicans  colonization and inflammation, whereas β-glucan fraction was protective against both. Surprisingly, purified β-glucans from  C. albicans  had the same protective effect. Thus, some yeasts appear to be strong modulators of intestinal inflammation. These effects are dependent on the strain, species, preparation process and cell wall fraction. It was striking that β-glucan fractions or pure β-glucans from  C. albicans  displayed the most potent anti-inflammatory effect in the DSS model.

Modulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Yeasts and Cell Wall Extracts: Strain Dependence and Unexpected Anti-Inflammatory Role of Glucan Fractions