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The testis specific X-linked genes whose evolution is traced here in the  melanogaster  species subgroup are thought to undergo fast rate of diversification. The  CK2ßtes  and  NACβtes  gene families encode the diverged regulatory β-subunits of protein kinase CK2 and the homologs of β-subunit of nascent peptide associated complex, respectively. We annotated the  CK2βtes-like  genes related to  CK2ßtes  family in the  D. simulans  and  D. sechellia  genomes. The ancestor  CK2βtes-like  genes preserved in  D. simulans  and  D. sechellia  are considered to be intermediates in the emergence of the  D. melanogaster  specific  Stellate  genes related to the  CK2ßtes  family. The  CK2ßtes-like  genes are more similar to the unique autosomal  CK2ßtes  gene than to  Stellates , taking into account their peculiarities of polymorphism. The formation of a variant the  CK2ßtes  gene  Stellate  in  D. melanogaster  as a result of illegitimate recombination between a  NACßtes  promoter and a distinct polymorphic variant of  CK2ßtes -like ancestor copy was traced. We found a close nonrandom proximity between the dispersed defective copies of  DINE-1  transposons, the members of  Helitron  family, and the  CK2βtes  and  NACβtes  genes, suggesting an involvement of  DINE-1  elements in duplication and amplification of these genes.

Expansion and Evolution of the X-Linked Testis Specific Multigene Families in the melanogaster Species Subgroup