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Background  Bacteria have evolved the ability to efficiently and resourcefully adapt to changing environments. A key means by which they optimize their use of available nutrients is through adjustments in gene expression with consequent changes in enzyme activity. We report a new method for drawing environmental inferences from gene expression data. Our method prioritizes a list of candidate carbon sources for their compatibility with a gene expression profile using the framework of flux balance analysis to model the organism’s metabolic network .Principal Findings  For each of six gene expression profiles for  Escherichia coli  grown under differing nutrient conditions, we applied our method to prioritize a set of eighteen different candidate carbon sources. Our method ranked the correct carbon source as one of the top three candidates for five of the six expression sets when used with a genome-scale model. The correct candidate ranked fifth in the remaining case. Additional analyses show that these rankings are robust with respect to biological and measurement variation, and depend on specific gene expression, rather than general expression level. The gene expression profiles are highly adaptive: simulated production of biomass averaged 94.84% of maximum when the  in silico  carbon source matched the  in vitro  source of the expression profile, and 65.97% when it did not.    Conclusions  Inferences about a microorganism’s nutrient environment can be made by integrating gene expression data into a metabolic framework. This work demonstrates that reaction flux limits for a model can be computed which are realistic in the sense that they affect  in silico  growth in a manner analogous to that in which a microorganism’s alteration of gene expression is adaptive to its nutrient environment.

Inferring Carbon Sources from Gene Expression Profiles Using Metabolic Flux Models