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Background  Long bone histology of the most derived Sauropoda, the Titanosauria suggests that titanosaurian long bone histology differs from the uniform bone histology of basal Sauropoda. Here we describe the long bone histology of the titanosaur  Ampelosaurus atacis  and compare it to that of basal neosauropods and other titanosaurs to clarify if a special titanosaur bone histology exists.    Methodology/Principal Findings    Ampelosaurus  retains the laminar vascular organization of basal Sauropoda, but throughout most of cortical growth, the scaffolding of the fibrolamellar bone, which usually is laid down as matrix of woven bone, is laid down as parallel-fibered or lamellar bone matrix instead. The remodeling process by secondary osteons is very extensive and overruns the periosteal bone deposition before skeletal maturity is reached. Thus, no EFS is identifiable. Compared to the atypical bone histology of  Ampelosaurus , the large titanosaur  Alamosaurus  shows typical laminar fibrolamellar bone. The titanosaurs  Phuwiangosaurus ,  Lirainosaurus , and  Magyarosaurus , although differing in certain features, all show this same low amount or absence of woven bone from the scaffolding of the fibrolamellar bone, indicating a clear reduction in growth rate resulting in a higher bone tissue organization. To describe the peculiar primary cortical bone tissue of  Phuwiangosaurus, Ampelosaurus ,  Lirainosaurus , and  Magyarosaurus , we here introduce a new term, “modified laminar bone” (MLB).    Conclusions/Significance  Importantly, MLB is as yet not known from extant animals. At least in  Lirainosaurus  and  Magyarosaurus  the reduction of growth rate indicated by MLB is coupled with a drastic body size reduction and maybe also a reduction in metabolic rate, interpreted as a result of dwarfing on the European islands during the Late Cretaceous.  Phuwiangosaurus  and  Ampelosaurus  both show a similar reduction in growth rate but not in body size, possibly indicating also a reduced metabolic rate. The large titanosaur  Alamosaurus , on the other hand, retained the plesiomorphic bone histology of basal neosauropods.

Modified Laminar Bone in Ampelosaurus atacis and Other Titanosaurs (Sauropoda): Implications for Life History and Physiology