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Background  ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are essential regulators of organismic homeostasis, and are particularly important in protecting the body from potentially harmful exogenous substances. Recently, an increasing number of  in vitro  observations have indicated a functional role of ABC transporters in the differentiation and maintenance of stem cells. Therefore, we sought to determine brain-related phenotypic changes in animals lacking the expression of distinct ABC transporters (ABCB1, ABCG2 or ABCC1).    Methodology and Principal Findings  Analyzing adult neurogenesis in ABC transporter-deficient animals  in vivo  and neuronal stem/progenitor cells  in vitro  resulted in complex findings.  In vivo , the differentiation of neuronal progenitors was hindered in ABC transporter-deficient mice (ABCB1 0/0 ) as evidenced by lowered numbers of doublecortin +  (−36%) and calretinin +  (−37%) cells.  In vitro , we confirmed that this finding is not connected to the functional loss of single neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Furthermore, assessment of activity, exploratory behavior, and anxiety levels revealed behavioral alterations in ABCB1 0/0  and ABCC1 0/0  mice, whereas ABCG2 0/0  mice were mostly unaffected.    Conclusion and Significance  Our data show that single ABC transporter-deficiency does not necessarily impair neuronal progenitor homeostasis on the single NSPC level, as suggested by previous studies. However, loss of distinct ABC transporters impacts global brain homeostasis with far ranging consequences, leading to impaired neurogenic functions  in vivo  and even to distinct behavioral phenotypes. In addition to the known role of ABC transporters in proteopathies such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, our data highlight the importance of understanding the general function of ABC transporters for the brain's homeostasis and the regeneration potential.

ABC Transporters B1, C1 and G2 Differentially Regulate Neuroregeneration in Mice