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Background    Mycobacterium avium  is the principal etiologic agent of non-tuberculous lymphadenitis in children. It is also a known pathogen for birds and other animals. Genetic typing of  M. avium  isolates has led to a proposal to expand the set of subspecies to include  M. avium  subsp.  hominissuis . Isolates associated with disease in humans belong to this subspecies.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from six healthy blood donors were stimulated  in vitro  with ten isolates of  M. avium avium  and 11 isolates of  M. avium hominissuis  followed by multiplex bead array quantification of cytokines in supernatants.  M. avium hominissuis  isolates induced significantly more IL-10 and significantly less IL-12p70, TNF, IFN-γ and IL-17 when compared to  M. avium avium  isolates. All strains induced high levels of IL-17, but had very low levels of IL-12p70.    Conclusion/Significance  The strong association between  M. avium  subsp.  hominissuis  and disease in humans and the clear differences in the human immune response to  M. avium  subsp.  hominissuis  compared to  M. avium  subsp.  avium  isolates, as demonstrated in this study, suggest that genetic differences between  M. avium  isolates play an important role in the pathogenicity in humans.

Mycobacterium avium Subsp. avium and Subsp. hominissuis Give Different Cytokine Responses after in vitro Stimulation of Human Blood Mononuclear Cells