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Background  The Chinese pine caterpillar moth,  Dendrolimus tabulaeformis  Tsai and Liu (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) is the most important defoliator of coniferous trees in northern China. Outbreaks occur over enormous areas and often lead to the death of forests during 2–3 successive years of defoliation. The sex pheromone of  D. tabulaeformis  was investigated to define its chemistry and behavioral activity.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Sex pheromone was collected from calling female  D. tabulaeformis  by headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) and by solvent extraction of pheromone glands. Extracts were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and coupled GC-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), using antennae from male moths. Five components from the extracts elicited antennal responses. These compounds were identified by a combination of retention indices, electron impact mass spectral matches, and derivatization as ( Z )-5-dodecenyl acetate ( Z 5-12:OAc), ( Z )-5-dodecenyl alcohol ( Z 5-12:OH), (5 Z ,7 E )-5,7-dodecadien-1-yl acetate ( Z 5, E 7-12:OAc), (5 Z ,7 E )-5,7-dodecadien-1-yl propionate ( Z 5, E 7-12:OPr), and (5 Z ,7 E )-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol ( Z 5, E 7-12:OH). Behavioral assays showed that male  D. tabulaeformis  strongly discriminated against incomplete and aberrant blend ratios. The correct ratio of  Z 5, E 7-12:OAc,  Z 5, E 7-12:OH, and  Z 5, E 7-12:OPr was essential for optimal upwind flight and source contact. The two monoenes,  Z 5-12:OAc and  Z 5-12:OH, alone or binary mixtures, had no effect on behavioral responses when added to the optimal three-component blend.    Conclusions/Significance  The fact that deviations from the optimal ratio of 100∶100∶4.5 of  Z 5, E 7-12:OAc,  Z 5, E Z7-12:OH, and  Z 5, E 7-12:OPr resulted in marked decreases in male responses suggests that biosynthesis of the pheromone components is precisely controlled. The optimal blend of the sex pheromone components of  D. tabulaeformis  worked out in this study should find immediate use in monitoring this pest in Chinese forests.

Identification and Behavioral Evaluation of Sex Pheromone Components of the Chinese Pine Caterpillar Moth, Dendrolimus tabulaeformis