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This paper examines the proximity of authors to those they cite using degreesof separation in a co-author network, essentially using collaboration networksto expand on the notion of self-citations. While the proportion of directself-citations (including co-authors of both citing and cited papers) isrelatively constant in time and across specialties in the natural sciences (10%of citations) and the social sciences (20%), the same cannot be said forcitations to authors who are members of the co-author network. Differencesbetween fields and trends over time lie not only in the degree of co-authorshipwhich defines the large-scale topology of the collaboration network, but alsoin the referencing practices within a given discipline, computed by defining apropensity to cite at a given distance within the collaboration network.Overall, there is little tendency to cite those nearby in the collaborationnetwork, excluding direct self-citations. By analyzing these social references,we characterize the social capital of local collaboration networks in terms ofthe knowledge production within scientific fields. These results haveimplications for the long-standing debate over biases common to most types ofcitation analysis, and for understanding citation practices across scientificdisciplines over the past 50 years. In addition, our findings have importantpractical implications for the availability of 'arm's length' expert reviewersof grant applications and manuscripts.

A small world of citations? The influence of collaboration networks on citation practices