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Background  Shiga toxin (s tx ) genes have been transferred to numerous bacteria, one of which is  E. coli  O157:H7. It is a common belief that  stx  gene is transferred by bacteriophages, because  stx  genes are located on lambdoid prophages in the  E. coli  O157:H7 genome. Both  E. coli  O157:H7 and non-pathogenic  E. coli  are highly enriched in cattle feedlots. We hypothesized that strong UV radiation in combination with high temperature accelerates  stx  gene transfer into non-pathogenic  E. coli  in feedlots.    Methodology/Principal Findings    E. coli  O157:H7 EDL933 strain were subjected to different UV irradiation (0 or 0.5 kJ/m 2 ) combination with different temperature (22, 28, 30, 32, and 37°C) treatments, and the activation of lambdoid prophages was analyzed by plaque forming unit while induction of Stx2 prophages was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR. Data showed that lambdoid prophages in  E. coli  O157:H7, including phages carrying  stx 2, were activated under UV radiation, a process enhanced by elevated temperature. Consistently, western blotting analysis indicated that the production of Shiga toxin 2 was also dramatically increased by UV irradiation and high temperature.  In situ  colony hybridization screening indicated that these activated Stx2 prophages were capable of converting laboratory strain of  E. coli  K12 into new Shiga toxigenic  E. coli , which were further confirmed by PCR and ELISA analysis.    Conclusions/Significance  These data implicate that high environmental temperature in combination with UV irradiation accelerates the spread of  stx  genes through enhancing Stx prophage induction and Stx phage mediated gene transfer. Cattle feedlot sludge are teemed with  E. coli  O157:H7 and non-pathogenic  E. coli , and is frequently exposed to UV radiation via sunlight, which may contribute to the rapid spread of  stx  gene to non-pathogenic  E. coli  and diversity of shiga toxin producing  E. coli .

High Temperature in Combination with UV Irradiation Enhances Horizontal Transfer of stx2 Gene from E. coli O157:H7 to Non-Pathogenic E. coli