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Background  The lava mouse,  Malpaisomys insularis , was endemic to the Eastern Canary islands and became extinct at the beginning of the 14 th  century when the Europeans reached the archipelago. Studies to determine  Malpaisomys'  phylogenetic affinities, based on morphological characters, remained inconclusive because morphological changes experienced by this insular rodent make phylogenetic investigations a real challenge. Over 20 years since its first description,  Malpaisomys'  phylogenetic position remains enigmatic.    Methodology/Principal Findings  In this study, we resolved this issue using molecular characters. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers were successfully amplified from subfossils of three lava mouse samples. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions revealed, without any ambiguity, unsuspected relationships between  Malpaisomys  and extant mice (genus  Mus , Murinae). Moreover, through molecular dating we estimated the origin of the  Malpaisomys /mouse clade at 6.9 Ma, corresponding to the maximal age at which the archipelago was colonised by the  Malpaisomys  ancestor via natural rafting.    Conclusion/Significance  This study reconsiders the derived morphological characters of  Malpaisomys  in light of this unexpected molecular finding. To reconcile molecular and morphological data, we propose to consider  Malpaisomys insularis  as an insular lineage of mouse.

Paleogenetic Analyses Reveal Unsuspected Phylogenetic Affinities between Mice and the Extinct Malpaisomys insularis, an Endemic Rodent of the Canaries