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Chronic helminth infections, such as schistosomes, are negatively associated with allergic disorders. Here, using B cell IL-10-deficient mice,  Schistosoma mansoni -mediated protection against experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation (AAI) was shown to be specifically dependent on IL-10-producing B cells. To study the organs involved, we transferred B cells from lungs, mesenteric lymph nodes or spleen of OVA-infected mice to recipient OVA-sensitized mice, and showed that both lung and splenic B cells reduced AAI, but only splenic B cells in an IL-10-dependent manner. Although splenic B cell protection was accompanied by elevated levels of pulmonary FoxP3 +  regulatory T cells,  in vivo  ablation of FoxP3 +  T cells only moderately restored AAI, indicating an important role for the direct suppressory effect of regulatory B cells. Splenic marginal zone CD1d +  B cells proved to be the responsible splenic B cell subset as they produced high levels of IL-10 and induced FoxP3 +  T cells  in vitro . Indeed, transfer of CD1d +  MZ-depleted splenic B cells from infected mice restored AAI. Markedly, we found a similarly elevated population of CD1d hi  B cells in peripheral blood of  Schistosoma haematobium -infected Gabonese children compared to uninfected children and these cells produced elevated levels of IL-10. Importantly, the number of IL-10-producing CD1d hi  B cells was reduced after anti-schistosome treatment. This study points out that in both mice and men schistosomes have the capacity to drive the development of IL-10-producing regulatory CD1d hi  B cells and furthermore, these are instrumental in reducing experimental allergic inflammation in mice.

Schistosomes Induce Regulatory Features in Human and Mouse CD1dhi B Cells: Inhibition of Allergic Inflammation by IL-10 and Regulatory T Cells