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Crop yield is a highly complex quantitative trait. Historically, successful breeding for improved grain yield has led to crop plants with improved source capacity, altered plant architecture, and increased resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. To date, transgenic approaches towards improving crop grain yield have primarily focused on protecting plants from herbicide, insects, or disease. In contrast, we have focused on identifying genes that, when expressed in soybean, improve the intrinsic ability of the plant to yield more. Through the large scale screening of candidate genes in transgenic soybean, we identified an  Arabidopsis thaliana  B-box domain gene ( AtBBX32 ) that significantly increases soybean grain yield year after year in multiple transgenic events in multi-location field trials. In order to understand the underlying physiological changes that are associated with increased yield in transgenic soybean, we examined phenotypic differences in two  AtBBX32 -expressing lines and found increases in plant height and node, flower, pod, and seed number. We propose that these phenotypic changes are likely the result of changes in the timing of reproductive development in transgenic soybean that lead to the increased duration of the pod and seed development period. Consistent with the role of  BBX32  in  A. thaliana  in regulating light signaling, we show that the constitutive expression of  AtBBX32  in soybean alters the abundance of a subset of gene transcripts in the early morning hours. In particular,  AtBBX32  alters transcript levels of the soybean clock genes  GmTOC1  and LHY-CCA1-like2 ( GmLCL2 ). We propose that through the expression of  AtBBX32  and modulation of the abundance of circadian clock genes during the transition from dark to light, the timing of critical phases of reproductive development are altered. These findings demonstrate a specific role for  AtBBX32  in modulating soybean development, and demonstrate the validity of expressing single genes in crops to deliver increased agricultural productivity.

Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana BBX32 Gene in Soybean Increases Grain Yield