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Starch is one of the major components of cereals, tubers, and fruits. Genes encoding granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), which is responsible for amylose synthesis, have been extensively studied in cereals but little is known about them in fruits. Due to their low copy gene number,  GBSS  genes have been used to study plant phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. In this study,  GBSS  genes have been isolated and characterized in three fruit trees, including apple, peach, and orange. Moreover, a comprehensive evolutionary study of  GBSS  genes has also been conducted between both monocots and eudicots. Results have revealed that genomic structures of  GBSS  genes in plants are conserved, suggesting they all have evolved from a common ancestor. In addition, the  GBSS  gene in an ancestral angiosperm must have undergone genome duplication ∼251 million years ago (MYA) to generate two families,  GBSSI  and  GBSSII . Both  GBSSI  and  GBSSII  are found in monocots; however,  GBSSI  is absent in eudicots. The ancestral  GBSSII  must have undergone further divergence when monocots and eudicots split ∼165 MYA. This is consistent with expression profiles of  GBSS  genes, wherein these profiles are more similar to those of  GBSSII  in eudicots than to those of  GBSSI  genes in monocots. In dicots,  GBSSII  must have undergone further divergence when rosids and asterids split from each other ∼126 MYA. Taken together, these findings suggest that it is  GBSSII  rather than  GBSSI  of monocots that have orthologous relationships with  GBSS  genes of eudicots. Moreover, diversification of  GBSS  genes is mainly associated with genome-wide duplication events throughout the evolutionary course of history of monocots and eudicots.

Diversification of Genes Encoding Granule-Bound Starch Synthase in Monocots and Dicots Is Marked by Multiple Genome-Wide Duplication Events