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Background  Species of the genus  Aeromonas  are native inhabitants of aquatic environments and have recently been considered emerging human pathogens. Although the gastrointestinal tract is by far the most common anatomic site from which aeromonads are recovered, their role as etiologic agents of bacterial diarrhea is still disputed.  Aeromonas -associated diarrhea is a phenomenon occurring worldwide; however, the exact prevalence of  Aeromonas  infections on a global scale is unknown.    Methodology/Principal Findings  The prevalence and virulence potential of  Aeromonas  in patients suffering from diarrhea in Israel was studied using molecular methods. 1,033 diarrheal stools were sampled between April and September 2010 and  Aeromonas  species were identified in 17 (∼2%) patients by sequencing the  rpoD  gene.  Aeromonas  species identity and abundance was:  A. caviae  (65%),  A. veronii  (29%) and  Aeromonas taiwanensis  (6%). This is the first clinical record of  A. taiwanensis  as a diarrheal causative since its recent discovery from a wound infection in a patient in Taiwan. Most of the patients (77%) from which  Aeromonas  species were isolated were negative for any other pathogens. The patients ranged from 1 to 92 years in age.  Aeromonas  isolates were found to possess different virulence-associated genes:  ahpB  (88%),  pla/lip/lipH3/apl-1  (71%),  act/hlyA/aerA  (35%),  alt  (18%),  ast  (6%),  fla  (65%),  lafA  (41%), TTSS  ascV  (12%), TTSS  ascF-ascG  (12%), TTSS-dependent ADP-ribosylating toxins  aexU  (41%) and  aexT  (6%) in various combinations. Most of the identified strains were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics but susceptible to third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics.    Conclusions    Aeromonas  may be a causative agent of diarrhea in patients in Israel and therefore should be included in routine bacteriological screenings.

A Molecular Study on the Prevalence and Virulence Potential of Aeromonas spp. Recovered from Patients Suffering from Diarrhea in Israel