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The  VERNALIZATION1  ( VRN1 ) gene of temperate cereals is transcriptionally activated by prolonged cold during winter (vernalization) to promote flowering. To investigate the mechanisms controlling induction of  VRN1  by prolonged cold, different regions of the  VRN1  gene were fused to the  GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN  ( GFP ) reporter and expression of the resulting gene constructs was assayed in transgenic barley ( Hordeum vulgare ). A 2 kb segment of the promoter of  VRN1  was sufficient for  GFP  expression in the leaves and shoot apex of transgenic barley plants. Fluorescence increased at the shoot apex prior to inflorescence initiation and was subsequently maintained in the developing inflorescence. The promoter was also sufficient for low-temperature induction of  GFP  expression. A naturally occurring insertion in the proximal promoter, which is associated with elevated  VRN1  expression and early flowering in some spring wheats, did not abolish induction of  VRN1  transcription by prolonged cold, however. A translational fusion of the promoter and transcribed regions of  VRN1  to  GFP , VRN1::GFP, was localised to nuclei of cells at the shoot apex of transgenic barley plants. The distribution of VRN1::GFP at the shoot apex was similar to the expression pattern of the  VRN1  promoter- GFP  reporter gene. Fluorescence from the VRN1::GFP fusion protein increased in the developing leaves after prolonged cold treatment. These observations suggest that the promoter of  VRN1  is targeted by mechanisms that trigger vernalization-induced flowering in economically important temperate cereal crops.

The Promoter of the Cereal VERNALIZATION1 Gene Is Sufficient for Transcriptional Induction by Prolonged Cold