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The increasing prevalence of insecticide resistance in  Anopheles sinensis , a major vector of malaria in Jiangsu province in eastern China, threatens to compromise the successful use of insecticides in malaria control strategies. It is therefore vital to understand the insecticide resistance status of  An. sinensis  in the region. This study examined the nucleotide diversity of the  para -sodium channel and knockdown resistance ( kdr ) in five field populations of adult  An. sinensis  mosquitoes collected in Jiangsu province, identifying the L1014F and L1014C substitutions for the first time. Competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific allele (cPASA) and polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for resistance diagnosis were developed and validated. Comparing the results with direct sequencing revealed that the PCR-RFLP method was more sensitive and specific whereas the cPASA method was more convenient and suitable. The significant positive correlation between  kdr  allele frequency and bioassay-based resistance phenotype demonstrates that the frequency of L1014F and L1014C substitutions in the  kdr  gene provides a useful molecular marker for monitoring beta-cypermethrin resistance in natural populations of  An. sinensis . Our results point to the L1014F substitution as the key mutation associated with beta-cypermethrin resistance. The high resistance and mutation frequency detected in the five populations also suggest cross-resistance with other pyrethroids may occur in  An. sinensis , highlighting the need for further surveys to map insecticide resistance in China and the adoption of a rational management of insecticide application for resistance management and mosquito vector control.

plos one

First Report on Co-Occurrence Knockdown Resistance Mutations and Susceptibility to Beta-Cypermethrin in Anopheles sinensis from Jiangsu Province, China