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Background  Cytochrome P450 1 ( CYP1 ) genes are biomarkers for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists and may be involved in some of their toxic effects. CYP1s other than the CYP1As are poorly studied in birds. Here we characterize avian  CYP1B  and  CYP1C  genes and the expression of the identified  CYP1  genes and  AHR1 , comparing basal and induced levels in chicken and quail embryos.    Methodology/Principal Findings  We cloned cDNAs of chicken  CYP1C1  and quail  CYP1B1  and  AHR1 .  CYP1C s occur in several bird genomes, but we found no  CYP1C  gene in quail. The  CYP1C  genomic region is highly conserved among vertebrates. This region also shares some synteny with the  CYP1B  region, consistent with  CYP1B  and  CYP1C  genes deriving from duplication of a common ancestor gene. Real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed similar tissue distribution patterns for  CYP1A4 ,  CYP1A5 ,  CYP1B1 , and  AHR1  mRNA in chicken and quail embryos, with the highest basal expression of the  CYP1A s in liver, and of  CYP1B1  in eye, brain, and heart. Chicken  CYP1C1  mRNA levels were appreciable in eye and heart but relatively low in other organs. Basal transcript levels of the  CYP1A s were higher in quail than in chicken, while  CYP1B1  levels were similar in the two species. 3,3′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl induced all  CYP1s  in chicken; in quail a 1000-fold higher dose induced the  CYP1As , but not  CYP1B1 .    Conclusions/Significance  The apparent absence of  CYP1C1  in quail, and weak expression and induction of  CYP1C1  in chicken suggest that  CYP1C s have diminishing roles in tetrapods; similar tissue expression suggests that such roles may be met by  CYP1B1 . Tissue distribution of  CYP1B  and  CYP1C  transcripts in birds resembles that previously found in zebrafish, suggesting that these genes serve similar functions in diverse vertebrates. Determining CYP1 catalytic functions in different species should indicate the evolving roles of these duplicated genes in physiological and toxicological processes.

Cytochrome P450 1 Genes in Birds: Evolutionary Relationships and Transcription Profiles in Chicken and Japanese Quail Embryos