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In spite of contemporary morphological taxonomy appraisals, apparent high morphological similarity raises uncertainty about the species status of certain  Pagurus  hermit crabs. This is exemplified between two European species,  Pagurus excavatus  (Herbst, 1791) and  Pagurus alatus  (Fabricius 1775), whose species status is still difficult to resolve using morphological criteria alone.    Methodology/Principal Findings  To address such ambiguities, we used combinations of Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) methods to delineate species boundaries of  P. alatus  and  P. excavatus  and formulate an intermediate  Pagurus  phylogenetic hypothesis, based upon single and concatenated mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase I [COI]) and nuclear (16S and 28s ribosomal RNA) gene partitions. The molecular data supported the species status of  P. excavatus  and  P. alatus  and also clearly resolved two divergent clades within hermit crabs from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.    Conclusions/Significance  Despite the abundance and prominent ecological role of hermit crabs,  Pagurus , in North East Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea ecosystems, many important aspects of their taxonomy, biology, systematics and evolution remain poorly explored. The topologies presented here should be regarded as hypotheses that can be incorporated into the robust and integrated understanding of the systematic relationships within and between species of the genus  Pagurus  inhabiting the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

Multigene Molecular Systematics Confirm Species Status of Morphologically Convergent Pagurus Hermit Crabs