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Background  As currently defined, the genus  Postandrilus  Qui and Bouché, 1998, (Lumbricidae) includes six earthworm species, five occurring in Majorca (Baleares Islands, western Mediterranean) and another in Galicia (NW Spain). This disjunct and restricted distribution raises some interesting phylogeographic questions: (1) Is  Postandrilus  distribution the result of the separation of the Baleares-Kabylies (BK) microplate from the proto-Iberian Peninsula in the Late Oligocene (30–28 Mya) – vicariant hypothesis? (2) Did  Postandrilus  diversify in Spain and then colonize the Baleares during the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) 5.96–5.33 Mya – dispersal hypothesis? (3) Is the distribution the result of a two-step process – vicariance with subsequent dispersal?    Methodology/Principal Findings  To answer these questions and assess  Postandrilus  evolutionary relationships and systematics, we collected all of the six  Postandrilus  species (46 specimens – 16 locations) and used  Aporrectodea morenoe  and three  Prosellodrilus  and two  Cataladrilus  species as the outgroup. Regions of the nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, ND1, COII and tRNA genes (4,666 bp) were sequenced and analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic and divergence time estimation. The resulting trees revealed six new  Postandrilus  species in Majorca that clustered with the other five species already described. This Majorcan clade was sister to an Iberian clade including  A. morenoe  (outgroup) and  Postandrilus bertae . Our phylogeny and divergence time estimates indicated that the split between the Iberian and Majorcan  Postandrilus  clades took place 30.1 Mya, in concordance with the break of the BK microplate from the proto-Iberian Peninsula, and that the present Majorcan clade diversified 5.7 Mya, during the MSC.    Conclusions    Postandrilus  is highly diverse including multiple cryptic species in Majorca. The genus is not monophyletic and invalid as currently defined.  Postandrilus  is of vicariant origin and its radiation began in the Late Oligocene.

An Earthworm Riddle: Systematics and Phylogeography of the Spanish Lumbricid Postandrilus