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A recent re-emerging bacterial canker disease incited by  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  actinidiae  ( Psa ) is causing severe economic losses to  Actinidia chinensis  and  A. deliciosa  cultivations in southern Europe, New Zealand, Chile and South Korea. Little is known about the genetic features of this pathovar. We generated genome-wide Illumina sequence data from two  Psa  strains causing outbreaks of bacterial canker on the  A. deliciosa  cv. Hayward in Japan (J- Psa , type-strain of the pathovar) and in Italy (I- Psa ) in 1984 and 1992, respectively as well as from a  Psa  strain (I2- Psa ) isolated at the beginning of the recent epidemic on  A. chinensis  cv. Hort16A in Italy. All strains were isolated from typical leaf spot symptoms. The phylogenetic relationships revealed that  Psa  is more closely related to  P. s . pv.  theae  than to  P. avellanae  within genomospecies 8. Comparative genomic analyses revealed both relevant intrapathovar variations and putative pathovar-specific genomic regions in  Psa . The genomic sequences of J- Psa  and I- Psa  were very similar. Conversely, the I2- Psa  genome encodes four additional effector protein genes, lacks a 50 kb plasmid and the phaseolotoxin gene cluster,  argK-tox  but has acquired a 160 kb plasmid and putative prophage sequences. Several lines of evidence from the analysis of the genome sequences support the hypothesis that this strain did not evolve from the  Psa  population that caused the epidemics in 1984–1992 in Japan and Italy but rather is the product of a recent independent evolution of the pathovar  actinidiae  for infecting  Actinidia  spp. All  Psa  strains share the genetic potential for copper resistance, antibiotic detoxification, high affinity iron acquisition and detoxification of nitric oxide of plant origin. Similar to other sequenced phytopathogenic pseudomonads associated with woody plant species, the  Psa  strains isolated from leaves also display a set of genes involved in the catabolism of plant-derived aromatic compounds.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Draft Genomes Comparison Reveal Strain-Specific Features Involved in Adaptation and Virulence to Actinidia Species