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Background  Insect hosts have evolved immunity against invasion by parasitoids, and in co-evolutionary response parasitoids have also developed strategies to overcome host immune systems. The mechanisms through which parasitoid venoms disrupt the promotion of host immunity are still unclear. We report here a new mechanism evolved by parasitoid  Pteromalus puparum,  whose venom inhibited the promotion of immunity in its host  Pieris rapae  (cabbage white butterfly).    Methodology/Principal Findings  A full-length cDNA encoding a C-type lectin (Pr-CTL) was isolated from  P .  rapae . Quantitative PCR and immunoblotting showed that injection of bacterial and inert beads induced expression of  Pr-CTL , with peaks of mRNA and Pr-CTL protein levels at 4 and 8 h post beads challenge, respectively. In contrast, parasitoid venom suppressed  Pr-CTL  expression when co-injected with beads, in a time and dose-dependent manner. Immunolocalization and immunoblotting results showed that Pr-CTL was first detectable in vesicles present in cytoplasm of granulocytes in host hemolymph, and was then secreted from cells into circulatory fluid. Finally, the secreted Pr-CTL bound to cellular membranes of both granulocytes and plasmatocytes. Injection of double-stranded RNA specific for target gene decreased expression of  Pr-CTL , and a few other host immune-related genes. Suppression of  Pr-CTL  expression also down-regulated antimicrobial and phenoloxidase activities, and reducing phagocytotic and encapsulation rates in host. The inhibitory effect of parasitoid venom on host encapsulation is consistent with its effect in suppressing  Pr-CTL  expression. Binding assay results showed that recombinant Pr-CTL directly attached to the surface of  P .  puparum  egges. We infer that Pr-CTL may serve as an immune signalling co-effector, first binding to parasitoid eggs, regulating expression of a set of immune-related genes and promoting host immunity.    Conclusions/Significance    P .  puparum  venom inhibits promotion of host immune responses by silencing expression of host C-type lectin gene  Pr-CTL , whose expression affected transcription of other host immune-related genes.

Venom of Parasitoid, Pteromalus puparum, Suppresses Host, Pieris rapae, Immune Promotion by Decreasing Host C-Type Lectin Gene Expression