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An understanding of the factors controlling plant community composition will allow improved prediction of the responses of plant communities to natural and anthropogenic environmental change. Using monitoring data from 1980 to 2009, we quantified the changes in community composition in  Leymus chinensis  and  Stipa grandis  dominated grasslands in Inner Mongolia under long-term grazing-exclusion and free-grazing conditions, respectively. We demonstrated that the practice of long-term grazing exclusion has significant effects on the heterogeneity, the dominant species, and the community composition in the two grasslands. The community composition of  L. chinensis  and  S. grandis  grasslands exhibited directional changes with time under long-term grazing exclusion. Under free grazing, the  L. chinensis  community changed directionally with time, but the pattern of change was stochastic in the  S. grandis  community. We attributed the divergent responses to long-term grazing exclusion in the  S. grandis  and  L. chinensis  grasslands to litter accumulation and changes in the microenvironment after grazing exclusion, which collectively altered the growth and regeneration of the dominant species. The changes in the grazed grasslands were primarily determined by the selective feeding of sheep during long-term heavy grazing. Overall, the responses of the community composition of the Inner Mongolian grasslands to long-term grazing exclusion and heavy grazing were divergent, and depended primarily on the grassland type. Our findings provide new insights into the role of grazing in the maintenance of community structure and function and therefore have important implications for grassland management.

Divergent Changes in Plant Community Composition under 3-Decade Grazing Exclusion in Continental Steppe