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Background  Most secretory proteins contain signal peptides that direct their sorting to the ER and secreted via the conventional ER/Golgi transport pathway, while some signal-peptide-lacking proteins have been shown to export through ER/Golgi independent secretory pathways. Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by  Streptomyces hygroscopicus  that is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The hygromycin phosphotransferase (HYG R ) can phosphorylate and inactivate the hygromycin B, and has been widely used as a positive selective marker in the construction of transgenic plants. However, the localization and trafficking of HYG R  in plant cells remain unknown. Synaptotagmins (SYTs) are involved in controlling vesicle endocytosis and exocytosis as calcium sensors in animal cells, while their functions in plant cells are largely unclear.    Methodology/Principal Findings  We found  Arabidopsis  synaptotagmin SYT2 was localized on the Golgi apparatus by immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling. Surprisingly, co-expression of SYT2 and HYG R  caused hypersensitivity of the transgenic  Arabidopsis  plants to hygromycin B. HYG R , which lacks a signal sequence, was present in the cytoplasm as well as in the extracellular space in  HYG R  - GFP  transgenic  Arabidopsis  plants and its secretion is not sensitive to brefeldin A treatment, suggesting it is not secreted via the conventional secretory pathway. Furthermore, we found that HYG R -GFP was truncated at carboxyl terminus of HYG R  shortly after its synthesis, and the cells deficient SYT2 failed to efficiently truncate HYG R -GFP,resulting in HYG R -GFP accumulated in prevacuoles/vacuoles, indicating that SYT2 was involved in HYG R -GFP trafficking and secretion.    Conclusion/Significance  These findings reveal for the first time that SYT2 is localized on the Golgi apparatus and regulates HYG R -GFP secretion via the unconventional protein transport from the cytosol to the extracelluar matrix in plant cells.

Golgi Apparatus-Localized Synaptotagmin 2 Is Required for Unconventional Secretion in Arabidopsis