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Mobile genetic elements are widespread in  Pseudomonas syringae , and often associate with virulence genes. Genome reannotation of the model bean pathogen  P. syringae  pv. phaseolicola 1448A identified seventeen types of insertion sequences and two miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) with a biased distribution, representing 2.8% of the chromosome, 25.8% of the 132-kb virulence plasmid and 2.7% of the 52-kb plasmid. Employing an entrapment vector containing  sacB , we estimated that transposition frequency oscillated between 2.6×10 −5  and 1.1×10 −6 , depending on the clone, although it was stable for each clone after consecutive transfers in culture media. Transposition frequency was similar for bacteria grown in rich or minimal media, and from cells recovered from compatible and incompatible plant hosts, indicating that growth conditions do not influence transposition in strain 1448A. Most of the entrapped insertions contained a full-length IS 801  element, with the remaining insertions corresponding to sequences smaller than any transposable element identified in strain 1448A, and collectively identified as miniature sequences. From these, fragments of 229, 360 and 679-nt of the right end of IS 801  ended in a consensus tetranucleotide and likely resulted from one-ended transposition of IS 801 . An average 0.7% of the insertions analyzed consisted of IS 801  carrying a fragment of variable size from gene PSPPH_0008/PSPPH_0017, showing that IS 801  can mobilize DNA  in vivo . Retrospective analysis of complete plasmids and genomes of  P. syringae  suggests, however, that most fragments of IS 801  are likely the result of reorganizations rather than one-ended transpositions, and that this element might preferentially contribute to genome flexibility by generating homologous regions of recombination. A further miniature sequence previously found to affect host range specificity and virulence, designated MITE Psy1  (100-nt), represented an average 2.4% of the total number of insertions entrapped in  sacB , demonstrating for the first time the mobilization of a MITE in bacteria.

Miniature Transposable Sequences Are Frequently Mobilized in the Bacterial Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola