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Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) play important roles in regulating many biological processes in eukaryotes. Currently, little is known about functions of PP2Cs in filamentous fungi. The causal agent of wheat head blight,  Fusarium graminearum , contains seven putative PP2C genes,  FgPTC1 , - 3 , - 5 , - 5R , - 6 , - 7  and - 7R . In order to investigate roles of these PP2Cs, we constructed deletion mutants for all seven PP2C genes in this study. The  FgPTC3  deletion mutant (ΔFgPtc3-8) exhibited reduced aerial hyphae formation and deoxynivalenol (DON) production, but increased production of conidia. The mutant showed increased resistance to osmotic stress and cell wall-damaging agents on potato dextrose agar plates. Pathogencity assays showed that ΔFgPtc3-8 is unable to infect flowering wheat head. All of the defects were restored when ΔFgPtc3-8 was complemented with the wild-type  FgPTC3  gene. Additionally, the  FgPTC3  partially rescued growth defect of a yeast  PTC1  deletion mutant under various stress conditions. Ultrastructural and histochemical analyses showed that conidia of ΔFgPtc3-8 contained an unusually high number of large lipid droplets. Furthermore, the mutant accumulated a higher basal level of glycerol than the wild-type progenitor. Quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that basal expression of  FgOS2 ,  FgSLT2  and  FgMKK1  in the mutant was significantly higher than that in the wild-type strain. Serial analysis of gene expression in ΔFgPtc3-8 revealed that  FgPTC3  is associated with various metabolic pathways. In contrast to the  FgPTC3  mutant, the deletion mutants of  FgPTC1 ,  FgPTC5 ,  FgPTC5R ,  FgPTC6 ,  FgPTC7  or  FgPTC7R  did not show aberrant phenotypic features when grown on PDA medium or inoculated on wheat head. These results indicate FgPtc3 is the key PP2C that plays a critical role in a variety of cellular and biological functions, including cell wall integrity, lipid and secondary metabolisms, and virulence in  F. graminearum .

A Type 2C Protein Phosphatase FgPtc3 Is Involved in Cell Wall Integrity, Lipid Metabolism, and Virulence in Fusarium graminearum