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Three closely related parthenogenetic species of root-knot nematodes, collectively termed the  Meloidogyne incognita -group, are economically significant pathogens of diverse crop species. Remarkably, these asexual root-knot nematodes are capable of acquiring heritable changes in virulence even though they lack sexual reproduction and meiotic recombination. Characterization of a near isogenic pair of  M. javanica  strains differing in response to tomato with the nematode resistance gene  Mi-1  showed that the virulent strain carried a deletion spanning a gene called  Cg-1 . Herein, we present evidence that the  Cg-1  gene lies within a member of a novel transposable element family (Tm1; Transposon in  Meloidogyne -1). This element family is defined by composite terminal inverted repeats of variable lengths similar to those of  Foldback  ( FB ) transposable elements and by 9 bp target site duplications. In  M. incognita , Tm1 elements can be classified into three general groups: 1) histone-hairpin motif elements; 2) MITE-like elements; 3) elements encoding a putative transposase. The predicted transposase shows highest similarity to gene products encoded by aphids and mosquitoes and resembles those of the  Phantom  subclass of the  Mutator  transposon superfamily. Interestingly, the meiotic, sexually-reproducing root-knot nematode species  M. hapla  has Tm1 elements with similar inverted repeat termini, but lacks elements with histone hairpin motifs and contains no elements encoding an intact transposase. These Tm1 elements may have impacts on root-knot nematode genomes and contribute to genetic diversity of the asexual species.

Tm1: A Mutator/Foldback Transposable Element Family in Root-Knot Nematodes