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Background and Aims  Both deoxynivalenol (DON) and nontyphoidal salmonellosis are emerging threats with possible hazardous effects on both human and animal health. The objective of this study was to examine whether DON at low but relevant concentrations interacts with the intestinal inflammation induced by  Salmonella  Typhimurium.    Methodology  By using a porcine intestinal ileal loop model, we investigated whether intake of low concentrations of DON interacts with the early intestinal inflammatory response induced by  Salmonella  Typhimurium.    Results  A significant higher expression of IL-12 and TNFα and a clear potentiation of the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-6 was seen in loops co-exposed to 1 µg/mL of DON and  Salmonella  Typhimurium compared to loops exposed to  Salmonella  Typhimurium alone. This potentiation coincided with a significantly enhanced  Salmonella  invasion in and translocation over the intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cells, exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of DON for 24 h. Exposure of  Salmonella  Typhimurium to 0.250 µg/mL of DON affected the bacterial gene expression level of a limited number of genes, however none of these expression changes seemed to give an explanation for the increased invasion and translocation of  Salmonella  Typhimurium and the potentiated inflammatory response in combination with DON.    Conclusion  These data imply that the intake of low and relevant concentrations of DON renders the intestinal epithelium more susceptible to  Salmonella  Typhimurium with a subsequent potentiation of the inflammatory response in the gut.

The Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol Potentiates Intestinal Inflammation by Salmonella Typhimurium in Porcine Ileal Loops