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Background  The  IL-4 ,  IL-4  receptor ( IL4R ), and  IL-13  genes are crucial immune factors and may influence the course of various diseases. In the present study, we investigated the association between the potential functional polymorphisms in  IL-4 ,  IL-4R , and  IL-13  and coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) risk in a Chinese population.    Methods  Six polymorphisms (C-590T in  IL-4 , Ile50Val, Ser478Pro, and Gln551Arg in  IL-4R , C-1055T and Arg130Gln in  IL-13 ) were genotyped and analyzed in a case-control study of 556 CWP and 541 control subjects.    Results  Our results revealed that the  IL-4  CT/CC genotypes were associated with a significantly decreased risk of CWP (odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.58–0.95), compared with the TT genotype, particularly among subgroups of age <65 years (OR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.46–0.99) and dust exposure years ≥26 years (OR = 0.69, 95%CI = 0.50–0.94). Moreover, the polymorphism was significantly associated with risk of CWP patients with stage I. In addition, a combined effect was observed in a dose-dependent manner with increasing numbers of risk variant alleles ( P   trend  = 0.023), and individuals with 11–12 risk alleles had a 47% higher risk of CWP than those with 0–8 risk alleles (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.05–2.05).    Conclusions  Our results suggest that the  IL-4  C-590T polymorphism is involved in the etiology of CWP and susceptibility to this disease. Larger studies are warranted to validate our findings.

Associations of IL-4, IL-4R, and IL-13 Gene Polymorphisms in Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis in China: A Case-Control Study