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Background  Little is known about the molecules that contribute to the growth of epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOC), which remain the most lethal gynecological cancer in women. The chemokine Fractalkine/CX 3 CL1 has been widely reported to play a biologically relevant role in tumor growth and spread. We report here the first investigation of the expression and role of CX 3 CL1 in EOC.    Results  Epithelial cells from the surface of the ovary and the Fallopian tubes and from benign, borderline and malignant tumors all stained positive for CX 3 CL1. In tumor specimens from 54 women who underwent surgical treatment for EOC diagnosis, CX 3 CL1 immunoreactivity was unevenly distributed in epithelial tumor cells, and ranged from strong (33%) to absent (17%). This uneven distribution of CX 3 CL1 did not reflect the morphological heterogeneity of EOC. It was positively correlated with the proliferation index Ki-67 and with GILZ (glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper), previously identified as an activator of the proliferation of malignant EOC cells. Hierarchical clustering analysis, including age at diagnosis, tumor grade, FIGO stage, Ki-67 index, CX 3 CL1, SDF-1/CXCL12 and GILZ immunostaining scores, distinguished two major clusters corresponding to low and high levels of proliferation and differing in terms of GILZ and CX 3 CL1 expression.  GILZ  overexpression in the carcinoma-derived BG1 cell line resulted in parallel changes in CX 3 CL1 products. Conversely, CX 3 CL1 promoted through its binding to CX 3 CR1 AKT activation and proliferation in BG1 cells. In a mouse subcutaneous xenograft model, the overexpression of  GILZ  was associated with higher expression of CX 3 CL1 and faster tumor growth.    Conclusion  Our findings highlight the previously unappreciated constitutive expression of CX 3 CL1 preceding tumorigenesis in ovarian epithelial cells. Together with GILZ, this chemokine emerges as a regulator of cell proliferation, which may be of potential clinical relevance for the selection of the most appropriate treatment for EOC patients.

Identification of the Chemokine CX3CL1 as a New Regulator of Malignant Cell Proliferation in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer