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The genus  Neisseria  contains at least eight commensal and two pathogenic species. According to the  Neisseria  phylogenetic tree, commensals are basal to the pathogens.  N. elongata , which is at the opposite end of the tree from  N. gonorrhoeae , has been observed to be fimbriated, and these fimbriae are correlated with genetic competence in this organism. We tested the hypothesis that the fimbriae of  N. elongata  are Type IV pili (Tfp), and that Tfp functions in genetic competence. We provide evidence that the  N. elongata  fimbriae are indeed Tfp. Tfp, as well as the DNA Uptake Sequence (DUS), greatly enhance  N. elongata  DNA transformation. Tfp allows  N. elongata  to make intimate contact with  N. gonorrhoeae  and to mediate the transfer of antibiotic resistance markers between these two species. We conclude that Tfp functional for genetic competence is a trait of a commensal member of the  Neisseria  genus. Our findings provide a mechanism for the horizontal gene transfer that has been observed among  Neisseria  species.

N. elongata Produces Type IV Pili That Mediate Interspecies Gene Transfer with N. gonorrhoeae