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We report here that pink grape berries were obtained by a short insertion in the intron of the  MybA1  gene, a gene that regulates grape berry color. Genetic variation was detected among the  MybA1  genes from grapes cultivated worldwide. PCR analysis of the  MybA1  gene demonstrated that the size of the  MybA1  gene in the red allele differs among grapes. Oriental  V. vinifera  bearing pink berries has the longest  MybA1  gene among grapes, whereas the shortest  MybA1  gene was detected in occidental  V. vinifera  grapes. The nucleotide sequences of the  MybA1  genes demonstrated that oriental  V. vinifera  has two additional gene fragments (44 bp and 111 bp) in the promoter region of the  MybA1  gene in the red allele and another 33 bp fragment in the second intron of the  MybA1  gene in the red allele. The short insertion in the intron decreased the transcription activity in the model system and retained  MybA1  transcripts with unspliced intron in the total RNA. From the experiments using deletion mutants of the 33 bp short insertion, 16 bp of the 3′ end in the insertion is a key structure for a defect in splicing of  MybA1  transcripts. Thus, a weakly colored grape berry might be a result of the short insertion in the intron of a color regulatory gene. This is new evidence concerning the molecular mechanism of the fate of grape berry color. These findings are expected to contribute to the further understanding of the color variation in grape berries, which is correlated with the evolutional events occurring in the  MybA1  gene of grapes.

Pink-Colored Grape Berry Is the Result of Short Insertion in Intron of Color Regulatory Gene