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Vibrio mimicus,  the species most similar to  V. cholerae , is a microbe present in the natural environmental and sometimes causes diarrhea and internal infections in humans. It shows similar phenotypes to  V. cholerae  but differs in some biochemical characteristics. The molecular mechanisms underlying the differences in biochemical metabolism between  V. mimicus  and  V. cholerae  are currently unclear. Several  V. mimicus  isolates have been found that carry cholera toxin genes ( ctxAB ) and cause cholera-like diarrhea in humans. Here, the genome of the  V. mimicus  isolate SX-4, which carries an intact CTX element, was sequenced and annotated. Analysis of its genome, together with those of other  Vibrio  species, revealed extensive differences within the  Vibrionaceae . Common mutations in gene clusters involved in three biochemical metabolism pathways that are used for discrimination between  V. mimicus  and  V. cholerae  were found in  V. mimicus  strains. We also constructed detailed genomic structures and evolution maps for the general types of genomic drift associated with pathogenic characters in polysaccharides, CTX elements and toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP) gene clusters. Overall, the whole-genome sequencing of the  V. mimicus  strain carrying the cholera toxin gene provides detailed information for understanding genomic differences among  Vibrio  spp.  V. mimicus  has a large number of diverse gene and nucleotide differences from its nearest neighbor,  V. cholerae . The observed mutations in the characteristic metabolism pathways may indicate different adaptations to different niches for these species and may be caused by ancient events in evolution before the divergence of  V. cholerae  and  V. mimicus . Horizontal transfers of virulence-related genes from an uncommon clone of  V. cholerae , rather than the seventh pandemic strains, have generated the pathogenic  V. mimicus  strain carrying cholera toxin genes.

Genome Sequencing Reveals Unique Mutations in Characteristic Metabolic Pathways and the Transfer of Virulence Genes between V. mimicus and V. cholerae