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The contribution of plasma membrane proteins to the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi is poorly understood. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to characterize the acyl-CoA dependent ceramide synthase Bar1 (previously implicated in plasma membrane organization) in the wheat pathogen  Fusarium graminearum . The role of Bar1 in mediating cell membrane organization was confirmed as Δ BAR1  mutants failed to display a distinct sterol-rich domain at the hyphal tip. The Δ BAR1  mutants were non-pathogenic when inoculated onto wheat heads, and their  in vitro  growth also was severely perturbed. Δ BAR1  mutants were incapable of producing perithecia (sexual fruiting structures) and only produced macroconidia (asexual spores) in the presence of NaCl. Sphingolipid analyses indicated that Bar1 is specifically necessary for the production of glucosylceramides in both  F. graminearum  and  Aspergillus nidulans . Interestingly, glucosylceramides appear to mediate sensitivity to heat stable antifungal factor (HSAF), as, in addition to Δ BAR1  mutants, a glucosylceramide synthase deficient mutant of  Yarrowia lipolytica  is also resistant to HSAF.

Control of Glucosylceramide Production and Morphogenesis by the Bar1 Ceramide Synthase in Fusarium graminearum