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Background  HIV-1 infected macrophages play an important role in rendering resting T cells permissive for infection, in spreading HIV-1 to T cells, and in the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia. During highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART), macrophages keep producing virus because tissue penetration of antiretrovirals is suboptimal and the efficacy of some is reduced. Thus, to cure HIV-1 infection with antiretrovirals we will also need to efficiently inhibit viral replication in macrophages. The majority of the current drugs block the action of viral enzymes, whereas there is an abundance of yet unidentified host factors that could be targeted. We here present results from a genome-wide association study identifying novel genetic polymorphisms that affect  in vitro  HIV-1 replication in macrophages.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Monocyte-derived macrophages from 393 blood donors were infected with HIV-1 and viral replication was determined using Gag p24 antigen levels. Genomic DNA from individuals with macrophages that had relatively low (n = 96) or high (n = 96) p24 production was used for SNP genotyping with the Illumina 610 Quad beadchip. A total of 494,656 SNPs that passed quality control were tested for association with HIV-1 replication in macrophages, using linear regression. We found a strong association between  in vitro  HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages and SNP rs12483205 in  DYRK1A  ( p  = 2.16×10 −5 ). While the association was not genome-wide significant ( p <1×10 −7 ), we could replicate this association using monocyte-derived macrophages from an independent group of 31 individuals ( p  = 0.0034). Combined analysis of the initial and replication cohort increased the strength of the association ( p  = 4.84×10 −6 ). In addition, we found this SNP to be associated with HIV-1 disease progression  in vivo  in two independent cohort studies ( p  = 0.035 and  p  = 0.0048).    Conclusions/Significance  These findings suggest that the kinase DYRK1A is involved in the replication of HIV-1,  in vitro  in macrophages as well as  in vivo .

Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in DYRK1A Associated with Replication of HIV-1 in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages