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Background  Small and cryptic sponges associated with cold-water coral reefs are particularly numerous and challenging to identify, but their ecological and biochemical importance is likely to compete with megabenthic specimens.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Here we use a combination of the standard M1M6 and I3M11 partitions of the COI fragment, partial rDNA 28S sequences and morphology to delineate small encrusting  Plocamionida  species. In total, 46 specimens were retrieved from seven shallow to deep-water coral locations, crossing 3,000 km along the European margins. Our work provides evidence that the  Plocamionida ambigua f. tylotata  and  f. grandichelata  can be considered valid species, whereas  Plocamionida ambigua f. tornata  corresponds to the species  P. ambigua . Within the monophyletic group of  Plocamionida ,  P. microcionides  is shown as really divergent from the other taxa, and four putative new  Plocamionida  species are suggested.    Conclusions/Significance  This study shows that the use of molecular and morphological information in an integrative approach is a powerful tool for the identification of sponge species, and suggests that an under-estimated biodiversity of sponges occurs in cold-water coral reefs.

Phylogenetic Relationships among NE Atlantic Plocamionida Topsent (1927) (Porifera, Poecilosclerida): Under-Estimated Diversity in Reef Ecosystems