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Background  Rhythmic behaviors, such as walking and breathing, involve the coordinated activity of central pattern generators in the CNS, sensory feedback from the PNS, to motoneuron output to muscles. Unraveling the intrinsic electrical properties of these cellular components is essential to understanding this coordinated activity. Here, we examine the significance of the transient A-type K +  current (I A ), encoded by the highly conserved  Shal/K v 4  gene, in neuronal firing patterns and repetitive behaviors. While I A  is present in nearly all neurons across species, elimination of I A  has been complicated in mammals because of multiple genes underlying I A , and/or electrical remodeling that occurs in response to affecting one gene.    Methodology/Principal Findings  In  Drosophila , the single  Shal/K v 4  gene encodes the predominant I A  current in many neuronal cell bodies. Using a transgenically expressed dominant-negative subunit (DNK v 4), we show that I A  is completely eliminated from cell bodies, with no effect on other currents. Most notably, DNK v 4 neurons display multiple defects during prolonged stimuli. DNK v 4 neurons display shortened latency to firing, a lower threshold for repetitive firing, and a progressive decrement in AP amplitude to an adapted state. We record from identified motoneurons and show that Shal/K v 4 channels are similarly required for maintaining excitability during repetitive firing. We then examine larval crawling, and adult climbing and grooming, all behaviors that rely on repetitive firing. We show that all are defective in the absence of Shal/K v 4 function. Further, knock-out of Shal/K v 4 function specifically in motoneurons significantly affects the locomotion behaviors tested.    Conclusions/Significance  Based on our results, Shal/K v 4 channels regulate the initiation of firing, enable neurons to continuously fire throughout a prolonged stimulus, and also influence firing frequency. This study shows that Shal/K v 4 channels play a key role in repetitively firing neurons during prolonged input/output, and suggests that their function and regulation are important for rhythmic behaviors.

Shal/Kv4 Channels Are Required for Maintaining Excitability during Repetitive Firing and Normal Locomotion in Drosophila