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Tuberculosis (TB) caused by  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  remains a major global health problem, despite the widespread use of the  M. bovis  Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and the availability of drug therapies. In recent years, the high incidence of coinfection of  M. tuberculosis  and HIV, as well as escalating problems associated with drug resistance, has raised ominous concerns with regard to TB control. Vaccination with BCG has not proven highly effective in controlling TB, and also has been associated with increasing concerns about the potential for the vaccine to cause disseminated mycobacterial infection in HIV infected hosts. Thus, the development of an efficacious and safe TB vaccine is generally viewed as a critical to achieving control of the ongoing global TB pandemic. In the current study, we have analyzed the vaccine efficacy of an attenuated  M. tuberculosis  strain that combines a mutation that enhances T cell priming (Δ secA2 ) with a strongly attenuating lysine auxotrophy mutation (Δ lysA ). The Δ secA2  mutant was previously shown to be defective in the inhibition of apoptosis and markedly increased priming of antigen-specific CD8 +  T cells  in vivo . Similarly, the Δ secA2 Δ lysA  strain retained enhanced apoptosis and augmented CD8 +  T cell stimulatory effects, but with a noticeably improved safety profile in immunosuppressed mice. Thus, the  M. tuberculosis  Δ secA2 Δ lysA  mutant represents a live attenuated TB vaccine strain with the potential to deliver increased protection and safety compared to standard BCG vaccination.

Lysine Auxotrophy Combined with Deletion of the SecA2 Gene Results in a Safe and Highly Immunogenic Candidate Live Attenuated Vaccine for Tuberculosis