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Background  Apolipophorin-III (ApoLp-III) is known to play an important role in lipid transport and innate immunity in lepidopteran insects. However, there is no evidence of involvement of ApoLp-IIIs in the immune responses of dipteran insects such as  Drosophila  and mosquitoes.    Methodology/Principal Findings  We report the molecular and functional characterization of  An. gambiae  apolipophorin-III (AgApoLp-III). Mosquito ApoLp-IIIs have diverged extensively from those of lepidopteran insects; however, the predicted tertiary structure of  AgApoLp-III  is similar to that of  Manduca sexta  (tobacco hornworm). We found that AgApoLp-III mRNA expression is strongly induced in the midgut of  An. gambiae  (G3 strain) mosquitoes in response to  Plasmodium berghei  infection. Furthermore, immunofluorescence stainings revealed that high levels of AgApoLp-III protein accumulate in the cytoplasm of  Plasmodium -invaded cells and AgApoLp-III silencing increases the intensity of  P. berghei  infection by five fold.    Conclusion  There are broad differences in the midgut epithelial responses to  Plasmodium  invasion between  An. gambiae  strains. In the G3 strain of  An. gambiae  AgApoLp-III participates in midgut epithelial defense responses that limit  Plasmodium  infection.

Apolipophorin-III Mediates Antiplasmodial Epithelial Responses in Anopheles gambiae (G3) Mosquitoes