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A large proportion of the nitrate (NO 3   − ) acquired by plants from soil is actively transported via members of the  NRT  families of NO 3   −  transporters. In Arabidopsis, the  NRT1  family has eight functionally characterised members and predominantly comprises low-affinity transporters; the  NRT2  family contains seven members which appear to be high-affinity transporters; and there are two  NRT3  ( NAR2 ) family members which are known to participate in high-affinity transport. A modified reciprocal best hit (RBH) approach was used to identify putative orthologues of the Arabidopsis  NRT  genes in the four fully sequenced grass genomes (maize, rice, sorghum,  Brachypodium ). We also included the poplar genome in our analysis to establish whether differences between Arabidopsis and the grasses may be generally applicable to monocots and dicots. Our analysis reveals fundamental differences between Arabidopsis and the grass species in the gene number and family structure of all three families of NRT transporters. All grass species possessed additional  NRT1.1  orthologues and appear to lack  NRT1.6/NRT1.7  orthologues. There is significant separation in the  NRT2  phylogenetic tree between  NRT2  genes from dicots and grass species. This indicates that determination of function of  NRT2  genes in grass species will not be possible in cereals based simply on sequence homology to functionally characterised Arabidopsis  NRT2  genes and that proper functional analysis will be required. Arabidopsis has a unique  NRT3.2  gene which may be a fusion of the  NRT3.1  and  NRT3.2  genes present in all other species examined here. This work provides a framework for future analysis of NO 3   −  transporters and NO 3   −  transport in grass crop species.

Dichotomy in the NRT Gene Families of Dicots and Grass Species