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Morphological delimitation of Asian black truffles, including  Tuber himalayense ,  T. indicum ,  T. sinense ,  T. pseudohimalayense ,  T. formosanum  and  T. pseudoexcavatum , has remained problematic and even phylogenetic analyses have been controversial. In this study, we combined five years of field investigation in China with morphological study and DNA sequences analyses (ITS, LSU and β-tubulin) of 131  Tuber  specimens to show that  T. pseudohimalayense  and  T. pseudoexcavatum  are the same species.  T. formosanum  is a separate species based on its host plants and geographic distribution, combined with minor morphological difference from  T. indicum .  T. sinense  should be treated as a synonym of  T. indicum . Our results demonstrate that the present  T. indicum , a single described morphological species, should include at least two separate phylogenetic species. These findings are of high importance for truffle taxonomy and reveal and preserve the richness of truffle diversity.

Species Recognition and Cryptic Species in the Tuber indicum Complex