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Chlamydia  comprises a group of obligate intracellular bacterial parasites responsible for a variety of diseases in humans and animals, including several zoonoses.  Chlamydia trachomatis  causes diseases such as trachoma, urogenital infection and lymphogranuloma venereum with severe morbidity.  Chlamydia pneumoniae  is a common cause of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.  Chlamydia psittaci , causing zoonotic pneumonia in humans, is usually hosted by birds, while  Chlamydia abortus , causing abortion and fetal death in mammals, including humans, is mainly hosted by goats and sheep. We used multi-locus sequence typing to asses the population structure of  Chlamydia . In total, 132  Chlamydia  isolates were analyzed, including 60  C. trachomatis , 18  C. pneumoniae , 16  C. abortus , 34  C. psittaci  and one of each of  C. pecorum ,  C. caviae ,  C. muridarum  and  C. felis . Cluster analyses utilizing the Neighbour-Joining algorithm with the maximum composite likelihood model of concatenated sequences of 7 housekeeping fragments showed that  C. psittaci  84/2334 isolated from a parrot grouped together with the  C. abortus  isolates from goats and sheep. Cluster analyses of the individual alleles showed that in all instances  C. psittaci  84/2334 formed one group with  C. abortus . Moving 84/2334 from the  C. psittaci  group to the  C. abortus  group resulted in a significant increase in the number of fixed differences and elimination of the number of shared mutations between  C. psittaci  and  C. abortus .  C. psittaci  M56 from a muskrat branched separately from the main group of  C. psittaci  isolates.  C. psittaci  genotypes appeared to be associated with host species. The phylogentic tree of  C. psittaci  did not follow that of its host bird species, suggesting host species jumps. In conclusion, we report for the first time an association between  C. psittaci  genotypes with host species.

Multi Locus Sequence Typing of Chlamydia Reveals an Association between Chlamydia psittaci Genotypes and Host Species