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Background  The bacterial endosymbiont  Wolbachia pipientis  has been shown to increase host resistance to viral infection in native  Drosophila  hosts and in the normally  Wolbachia -free heterologous host  Aedes aegypti  when infected by  Wolbachia  from  Drosophila melanogaster  or  Aedes albopictus .  Wolbachia  infection has not yet been demonstrated to increase viral resistance in a native  Wolbachia -mosquito host system.    Methodology/Principal Findings  In this study, we investigated  Wolbachia -induced resistance to West Nile virus (WNV;  Flaviviridae ) by measuring infection susceptibility in  Wolbachia -infected and  Wolbachia -free  D. melanogaster  and  Culex quinquefasciatus , a natural mosquito vector of WNV.  Wolbachia  infection of  D .  melanogaster  induces strong resistance to WNV infection.  Wolbachia -infected flies had a 500-fold higher ID 50  for WNV and produced 100,000-fold lower virus titers compared to flies lacking  Wolbachia . The resistance phenotype was transmitted as a maternal, cytoplasmic factor and was fully reverted in flies cured of  Wolbachia .  Wolbachia  infection had much less effect on the susceptibility of  D .  melanogaster  to Chikungunya ( Togaviridae ) and La Crosse ( Bunyaviridae ) viruses.  Wolbachia  also induces resistance to WNV infection in  Cx. quinquefasciatus . While  Wolbachia  had no effect on the overall rate of peroral infection by WNV,  Wolbachia -infected mosquitoes produced lower virus titers and had 2 to 3-fold lower rates of virus transmission compared to mosquitoes lacking  Wolbachia .    Conclusions/Significance  This is the first demonstration that  Wolbachia  can increase resistance to arbovirus infection resulting in decreased virus transmission in a native  Wolbachia -mosquito system. The results suggest that  Wolbachia  reduces vector competence in  Cx. quinquefasciatus , and potentially in other  Wolbachia -infected mosquito vectors.

The Native Wolbachia Endosymbionts of Drosophila melanogaster and Culex quinquefasciatus Increase Host Resistance to West Nile Virus Infection