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Background  The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the primary proteolysis machine for controlling protein stability of the majority of regulatory proteins including those that are critical for cancer development. The forkhead box transcription factor FOXO3 plays a key role in regulating tumor suppression; however, the control of FOXO3 protein stability remains to be established. It is crucial to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of FOXO3 tumor suppressor.    Methodology and Principal Findings  Here we show that βTrCP1 oncogenic ubiquitin E3-ligase interacts with FOXO3 and induces its ubiquitin-dependent degradation in an IκB kinase-β phosphorylation dependent manner. Silencing βTrCP1 augments FOXO3 protein level, resulting in promoting cellular apoptosis in cancer cells. In animal models, increasing FOXO3 protein level by silencing βTrCP1 suppresses tumorigenesis, whereas decreasing FOXO3 by over-expressing βTrCP1 promotes tumorigenesis and tumor growth  in vivo .    Conclusions/Significance  This is a unique demonstration that the βTrCP1-mediated FOXO3 degradation plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis. These findings significantly contribute to understanding of the control of FOXO3 stability in cancer cells and may provide opportunities for developing innovative anticancer therapeutic modalities.

Inhibition of FOXO3 Tumor Suppressor Function by βTrCP1 through Ubiquitin-Mediated Degradation in a Tumor Mouse Model