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Growing evidence suggests that a novel member of the  Chlamydiales  order,  Waddlia chondrophila,  is a potential agent of miscarriage in humans and abortion in ruminants. Due to the lack of genetic tools to manipulate chlamydia, genomic analysis is proving to be the most incisive tool in stimulating investigations into the biology of these obligate intracellular bacteria. 454/Roche and Solexa/Illumina technologies were thus used to sequence and assemble  de novo  the full genome of the first representative of the  Waddliaceae  family,  W. chondrophila . The bacteria possesses a 2′116′312bp chromosome and a 15′593 bp low-copy number plasmid that might integrate into the bacterial chromosome. The  Waddlia  genome displays numerous repeated sequences indicating different genome dynamics from classical chlamydia which almost completely lack repetitive elements. Moreover,  W. chondrophila  exhibits many virulence factors also present in classical chlamydia, including a functional type III secretion system, but also a large complement of specific factors for resistance to host or environmental stresses. Large families of outer membrane proteins were identified indicating that these highly immunogenic proteins are not  Chlamydiaceae  specific and might have been present in their last common ancestor. Enhanced metabolic capability for the synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, lipids and other co-factors suggests that the common ancestor of the modern  Chlamydiales  may have been less dependent on their eukaryotic host. The fine-detailed analysis of biosynthetic pathways brings us closer to possibly developing a synthetic medium to grow  W. chondrophila , a critical step in the development of genetic tools. As a whole, the availability of the  W. chondrophila  genome opens new possibilities in  Chlamydiales  research, providing new insights into the evolution of members of the order  Chlamydiales  and the biology of the  Waddliaceae .

The Waddlia Genome: A Window into Chlamydial Biology