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Background  Despite the extensive use of efficacious vaccines, pertussis still ranks among the major causes of childhood mortality worldwide. Two types of pertussis vaccines are currently available, whole-cell, and the more recent acellular vaccines. Because of reduced reactogenicity and comparable efficacy acellular vaccines progressively replace whole-cell vaccines. However, both types require repeated administrations for optimal efficacy. We have recently developed a live attenuated vaccine candidate, named BPZE1, able to protect infant mice after a single nasal administration.    Methodology/Principal Findings  We determined the protective mechanism of BPZE1-mediated immunity by using passive transfer of T cells and antibodies from BPZE1-immunized mice to SCID mice. Clearance of  Bordetella pertussis  from the lungs was mediated by both BPZE1-induced antibodies and CD4 + , but not by CD8 +  T cells. The protective CD4 +  T cells comprised IFN-γ-producing and IL-17-producing subsets, indicating that BPZE1 induces both Th1 and Th17 CD4 +  T cells. In addition, and in contrast to acellular pertussis vaccines, BPZE1 also cross-protected against  Bordetella parapertussis  infection, but in this case only the transfer of CD4 +  T cells conferred protection. Serum from BPZE1-immunized mice was not able to kill  B. parapertussis  and did not protect SCID mice against  B. parapertussis  infection.    Conclusions/Significance  The novel live attenuated pertussis vaccine BPZE1 protects in a pre-clinical mouse model against  B. pertussis  challenge by both BPZE1-induced antibodies and CD4 +  T cell responses. It also protects against  B. parapertussis  infection. However, in this case protection is only T cell mediated.

T- and B-Cell-Mediated Protection Induced by Novel, Live Attenuated Pertussis Vaccine in Mice. Cross Protection against Parapertussis