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Background    Trichoderma reesei , a mitosporic green mould, was recognized during the WW II based on a single isolate from the Solomon Islands and since then used in industry for production of cellulases. It is believed to be an anamorph (asexual stage) of the common pantropical ascomycete  Hypocrea jecorina .    Methodology/Principal Findings  We combined molecular evolutionary analysis and multiple methods of phenotype profiling in order to reveal the genetic relationship of  T. reesei  to  H. jecorina . The resulting data show that the isolates which were previously identified as  H. jecorina  by means of morphophysiology and ITS1 and 2 (rRNA gene cluster) barcode in fact comprise several species: i)  H. jecorina/T. reesei  sensu stricto which contains most of the teleomorphs (sexual stages) found on dead wood and the wild-type strain of  T. reesei  QM 6a; ii)  T. parareesei  nom. prov., which contains all strains isolated as anamorphs from soil; iii) and two other hypothetical new species for which only one or two isolates are available.  In silico  tests for recombination and  in vitro  mating experiments revealed a history of sexual reproduction for  H. jecorina  and confirmed clonality for  T. parareesei  nom. prov. Isolates of both species were consistently found worldwide in pantropical climatic zone. Ecophysiological comparison of  H. jecorina  and  T. parareesei  nom. prov. revealed striking differences in carbon source utilization, conidiation intensity, photosensitivity and mycoparasitism, thus suggesting adaptation to different ecological niches with the high opportunistic potential for  T. parareesei  nom. prov.    Conclusions  Our data prove that  T. reesei  belongs to a holomorph  H. jecorina  and displays a history of worldwide gene flow. We also show that its nearest genetic neighbour -  T. parareesei  nom. prov., is a cryptic phylogenetic agamospecies which inhabits the same biogeographic zone. These two species thus provide a so far rare example of sympatric speciation within saprotrophic fungi, with divergent ecophysiological adaptations and reproductive strategies.

Evolution and Ecophysiology of the Industrial Producer Hypocrea jecorina (Anamorph Trichoderma reesei) and a New Sympatric Agamospecies Related to It