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The whole-genome duplication (WGD) may provide a basis for the emergence of the very characteristic life style of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae —its fermentation-oriented physiology and its capacity of growing in anaerobiosis. Indeed, we found an over-representation of oxygen-responding genes in the ohnologs of  S. cerevisiae . Many of these duplicated genes are present as aerobic/hypoxic(anaerobic) pairs and form a specialized system responding to changing oxygen availability.  HYP2 / ANB1  and  COX5A / COX5B  are such gene pairs, and their unique orthologs in the ‘non-WGD’  Kluyveromyces lactis  genome behaved like the aerobic versions of  S. cerevisiae .  ROX1  encodes a major oxygen-responding regulator in  S. cerevisiae . The synteny, structural features and molecular function of putative  KlROX1  were shown to be different from that of  ROX1 . The transition from the  K. lactis -type  ROX1  to the  S. cerevisiae -type  ROX1  could link up with the development of anaerobes in the yeast evolution. Bioinformatics and stochastic analyses of the Rox1p-binding site (YYYATTGTTCTC) in the upstream sequences of the  S. cerevisiae  Rox1p-mediated genes and of the  K. lactis  orthologs also indicated that  K. lactis  lacks the specific gene system responding to oxygen limiting environment, which is present in the ‘post-WGD’ genome of  S. cerevisiae . These data suggested that the oxygen-responding system was born for the specialized physiology of  S. cerevisiae .

Gene Responses to Oxygen Availability in Kluyveromyces lactis: an Insight on the Evolution of the Oxygen-Responding System in Yeast