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Background  The equal headway instability phenomenon is pervasive in public transport systems. This instability is characterized by an aggregation of vehicles that causes inefficient service. While equal headway instability is common, it has not been studied independently of a particular scenario. However, the phenomenon is apparent in many transport systems and can be modeled and rectified in abstraction.    Methodology  We present a multi-agent simulation where a  default  method with no restrictions always leads to unstable headways. We discuss two methods that attempt to achieve equal headways, called  minimum  and  maximum . Since one parameter of the methods depends on the passenger density, adaptive versions—where the relevant parameter is adjusted automatically—are also put forward. Our results show that the  adaptive maximum  method improves significantly over the  default  method. The model and simulation give insights of the interplay between transport design and passenger behavior. Finally, we provide technological and social suggestions for engineers and passengers to help achieve equal headways and thus reduce delays.    Conclusions  The equal headway instability phenomenon can be avoided with the suggested technological and social measures.

Why Does Public Transport Not Arrive on Time? The Pervasiveness of Equal Headway Instability