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Background  Studies of the bacterial communities of the gut microbiota have revealed a shift in the ratio of  Firmicutes  and  Bacteroidetes  in obese patients. Determining the variations of microbial communities in feces may be beneficial for the identification of specific profiles in patients with abnormal weights. The roles of the archaeon  Methanobrevibacter smithii  and  Lactobacillus  species have not been described in these studies.    Methods and Findings  We developed an efficient and robust real-time PCR tool that includes a plasmid-based internal control and allows for quantification of the bacterial divisions  Bacteroidetes ,  Firmicutes , and  Lactobacillus  as well as the methanogen  M. smithii . We applied this technique to the feces of 20 obese subjects, 9 patients with anorexia nervosa, and 20 normal-weight healthy controls. Our results confirmed a reduction in the  Bacteroidetes  community in obese patients (p<0.01). We found a significantly higher  Lactobacillus  species concentration in obese patients than in lean controls (p = 0.0197) or anorexic patients (p = 0.0332). The  M. smithii  concentration was much higher in anorexic patients than in the lean population (p = 0.0171).    Conclusions    Lactobacillus  species are widely used as growth promoters in the farm industry and are now linked to obesity in humans. The study of the bacterial flora in anorexic patients revealed an increase in  M. smithii . This increase might represent an adaptive use of nutrients in this population.

Monitoring Bacterial Community of Human Gut Microbiota Reveals an Increase in Lactobacillus in Obese Patients and Methanogens in Anorexic Patients